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Vitamin A - Wirkungen und Funktionen

  1. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health: Vitamin A, Fact Sheet for Health Professionals; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  2. Machteld van Lieshout, Clive E West, Richard B van Breemen: Isotopic tracer techniques for studying the bioavailability and bioefficacy of dietary carotenoids, particularly β-carotene, in humans: a review; Am J Clin Nutr January 2003 vol. 77 no. 1 12-28
  3. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 4, Vitamin A.
  4. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, FOOD SND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS: Chapter 7. Vitamin A; Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements; Rome, 2002
  5. NIH, U.S. National Library of Medicine National, Center for Biotechnology Information: Retinol; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  6. SCCS members: U. Bernauer, Q. Chaudhry, P. Coenraads, G. H. Degen, M. Dusinska, W. Lilienblum, E. Nielsen, T. Platzek, C. Rousselle, J. van Benthem; External experts: A. Bernard, J. Duus-Johansen, J. Ezendam, A. Giménez-Arnau, E. Mirkova, E. Panteri, T. Vanhaecke: Opinion on Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinyl Acetate, Retinyl Palmitate); On request from: European Commission; SCCS Number: SCCS/1576/16; Adopted on: 20 April 2016
  7. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information: Retinol; abgerufen am 05.09.2016
  8. SCCS members: U. Bernauer, Q. Chaudhry, P. Coenraads, G. H. Degen, M. Dusinska, W. Lilienblum, E. Nielsen, T. Platzek, C. Rousselle, J. van Benthem; External experts: A. Bernard, J. Duus-Johansen, J. Ezendam, A. Giménez-Arnau, E. Mirkova, E. Panteri, T. Vanhaecke: Opinion on Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinyl Acetate, Retinyl Palmitate); On request from: European Commission; SCCS Number: SCCS/1576/16; Adopted on: 20 April 2016
  9. Emília Lešková, Jana Kubíková, Eva Kováčiková, Martina Košická, Janka Porubská, Kristína Holčíková: Vitamin losses: Retention during heat treatment and continual changes expressed by mathematical models; Journal of Food Composition and Analysis Volume 19, Issue 4, June 2006, Pages 252–276; After Processing: The Fate of Food Components; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.014
  10. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157505001067
  11. Blomhoff, R. and Blomhoff, H. K. (2006): Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J. Neurobiol., 66: 606–630. doi: 10.1002/neu.20242
  12. Chen P, Hao W, Rife L, Wang XP, Shen D, Chen J, Ogden T, Van Boemel GB, Wu L, Yang M, Fong HK.: A photic visual cycle of rhodopsin regeneration is dependent on Rgr.; Nat Genet. 2001 Jul;28(3):256-60.; PMID: 11431696; DOI: 10.1038/90089
  13. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 4, Vitamin A.
  14. Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University: Vitamin A; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  15. niversity of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY; Wilkins, Joanna, R.D., C.D.: Vitamin A; Health Encyclopedia; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  16. Blomhoff, R. and Blomhoff, H. K. (2006), Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J. Neurobiol., 66: 606–630. doi: 10.1002/neu.20242
  17. University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC): Vitamin A (Retinol); abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  18. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases: Vitamin A and Bone Health; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  19. Larry R. Engelking: Chapter 44 – Vitamin A; Textbook of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry (Third Edition) 2015, Pages 282–287; doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391909-0.50044-X
  20. Cathryn A. Hogarth, Michael D. Griswold: The key role of vitamin A in spermatogenesis; J Clin Invest. 2010 Apr 1; 120(4): 956–962.; Published online 2010 Apr 1.; doi: 10.1172/JCI41303; PMCID: PMC2846058
  21. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and the New Zealand Ministry of Health (MoH); National Health and Medical Research Council: Vitamin A; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  22. niversity of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY; Wilkins, Joanna, R.D., C.D.: Vitamin A; Health Encyclopedia; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  23. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and the New Zealand Ministry of Health (MoH); National Health and Medical Research Council: Vitamin A; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  24. Strobel M, Tinz J, Biesalski HK.: The importance of beta-carotene as a source of vitamin A with special regard to pregnant and breastfeeding women.; Eur J Nutr. 2007 Jul;46 Suppl 1:I1-20.; PMID: 17665093
  25. Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp: Vitamin A (Retinol); abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  26. Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University: Vitamin A; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  27. niversity of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY; Wilkins, Joanna, R.D., C.D.: Vitamin A; Health Encyclopedia; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  28. Spinas E, Saggini A, Kritas SK, Cerulli G, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pantalone A, Frydas A, Tei M, Speziali A, Saggini R, Pandolfi F, Conti P.: Can vitamin a mediate immunity and inflammation?; J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2015 Jan-Mar;29(1):1-6.; PMID: 25864736
  29. The President and Fellows of Harvard College: Vitamin A; Harvard T.H.CHAN, SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  30. niversity of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY; Wilkins, Joanna, R.D., C.D.: Vitamin A; Health Encyclopedia; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  31. Sarah Iqbal, M.Sc., Imrana Naseem, Ph.D.: Role of vitamin A in type 2 diabetes mellitus biology: Effects of intervention therapy in a deficient state; Nutrition Volume 31, Issues 7–8, July–August 2015, Pages 901–907; doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.12.014
  32. Obrenovich ME, Li Y, Parvathaneni K, Yendluri BB, Palacios HH, Leszek J, Aliev G.: Antioxidants in health, disease and aging.; CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2011 Mar;10(2):192-207.; PMID: 21226664
  33. Spinas E, Saggini A, Kritas SK, Cerulli G, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pantalone A, Frydas A, Tei M, Speziali A, Saggini R, Pandolfi F, Conti P.: Can vitamin a mediate immunity and inflammation?; J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2015 Jan-Mar;29(1):1-6.; PMID: 25864736
  34. niversity of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY; Wilkins, Joanna, R.D., C.D.: Vitamin A; Health Encyclopedia; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  35. Aimin Wang, M.D. Jing Han, M.D., Yunxia Jiang, M.D., Dongfeng Zhang, M.D.: Association of vitamin A and β-carotene with risk for age-related cataract: A meta-analysis; Nutrition Volume 30, Issue 10, October 2014, Pages 1113–1121; doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.025
  36. Yu, N.; Su, X.; Wang, Z.; Dai, B.; Kang, J. Association of Dietary Vitamin A and β-Carotene Intake with the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 19 Publications. Nutrients 2015, 7, 9309-9324.
  37. Yihua Wu, Yao Ye, Yu Shi, Peiwei Li, Jinming Xu, Kun Chen, Enping Xu, Jun Yang: Association between vitamin A, retinol intake and blood retinol level and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis; Clinical Nutrition Volume 34, Issue 4, August 2015, Pages 620–626; doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.007
  38. Wu Y, Ye Y, Shi Y, Li P, Xu J, Chen K, Xu E, Yang J.: Association between vitamin A, retinol intake and blood retinol level and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis.; Clin Nutr. 2015 Aug;34(4):620-6. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.007. Epub 2014 Jun 23.; PMID: 25008141
  39. Zhang YP, Chu RX, Liu H.: Vitamin A intake and risk of melanoma: a meta-analysis.; PLoS One. 2014 Jul 21;9(7):e102527. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102527. eCollection 2014.; PMID: 25048246
  40. Tang JE, Wang RJ, Zhong H, Yu B, Chen Y.: Vitamin A and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.; World J Surg Oncol. 2014 Apr 29;12:130. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-130.; PMID: 24773914
  41. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 4, Vitamin A.
  42. Georg Lietz, Jennifer Lange, Gerald Rimbach: Molecular and dietary regulation of β,β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase 1 (BCMO1); Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Volume 502, Issue 1, 1 October 2010, Pages 8–16; doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.032
  43. Tilman Grune, Georg Lietz, Andreu Palou, A. Catharine Ross, Wilhelm Stahl, Guangweng Tang, David Thurnham, Shi-an Yin, Hans K. Biesalski: β-Carotene Is an Important Vitamin A Source for Humans; J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 140(12): 2268S–2285S.; Published online 2010 Oct 27.; doi: 10.3945/jn.109.119024; PMCID: PMC3139236
  44. Betty J. Burri, Jasmine S. T. Chang and Terry R. Neidlinger (2011). β-Cryptoxanthin- and α-carotene-rich foods have greater apparent bioavailability than β-carotene-rich foods in Western diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 105, pp 212-219. doi:10.1017/S0007114510003260.
  45. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000. 8, β-Carotene and Other Carotenoids.
  46. Guangwen Tang: Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans; Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May; 91(5): 1468S–1473S.; Published online 2010 Mar 3.; doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674G; PMCID: PMC2854912
  47. Guangwen Tang: Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans; Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May; 91(5): 1468S–1473S.; Published online 2010 Mar 3.; doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674G; PMCID: PMC2854912
  48. Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp: Vitamin A (Retinol); abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  49. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährung SGE: DACH-Referenzwerte; abgerufen am 24.05.2016
  50. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and the New Zealand Ministry of Health (MoH); National Health and Medical Research Council: Vitamin A; abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  51. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 4, Vitamin A., FIGURE 4-2
  52. National Academy of Sciences: Chapter: Vitamin A; Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006)
  53. Guangwen Tang: Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans; Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May; 91(5): 1468S–1473S.; Published online 2010 Mar 3.; doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674G; PMCID: PMC2854912
  54. Marjorie J Haskell: The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: β-carotene bioavailability and conversion—evidence in humans; Am J Clin Nutr November 2012 vol. 96 no. 5 1193S-1203S; First published October 10, 2012, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034850
  55. Khan NC, West CE, de Pee S, Bosch D, Phuong HD, Hulshof PJ, Khoi HH, Verhoef H, Hautvast JG.: The contribution of plant foods to the vitamin A supply of lactating women in Vietnam: a randomized controlled trial.; Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1112-20.; PMID: 17413113
  56. Guangwen Tang: Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans; Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May; 91(5): 1468S–1473S.; Published online 2010 Mar 3.; doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674G; PMCID: PMC2854912
  57. Emmanuelle Reboul: Absorption of Vitamin A and Carotenoids by the Enterocyte: Focus on Transport Proteins; Nutrients. 2013 Sep; 5(9): 3563–3581.; Published online 2013 Sep 12.; doi: 10.3390/nu5093563; PMCID: PMC3798921
  58. Novotny JA, Dueker SR, Zech LA, Clifford AJ.: Compartmental analysis of the dynamics of beta-carotene metabolism in an adult volunteer.; J Lipid Res. 1995 Aug;36(8):1825-38.; PMID: 7595103
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  60. van Vliet T, Schreurs WH, van den Berg H.: Intestinal beta-carotene absorption and cleavage in men: response of beta-carotene and retinyl esters in the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fraction after a single oral dose of beta-carotene.; Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jul;62(1):110-6.; PMID: 7598052
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  63. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 4, Vitamin A.
  64. Marjorie J Haskell: The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: β-carotene bioavailability and conversion—evidence in humans; Am J Clin Nutr November 2012 vol. 96 no. 5 1193S-1203S; First published October 10, 2012, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034850
  65. Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp: Vitamin A (Retinol); abgerufen am 11.07.2016
  66. La Frano, M. R., de Moura, F. F., Boy, E., Lönnerdal, B. and Burri, B. J. (2014), Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified staple crops. Nutrition Reviews, 72: 289–307. doi: 10.1111/nure.12108
  67. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 4, Vitamin A.
  68. Ribaya-Mercado JD, Maramag CC, Tengco LW, Dolnikowski GG, Blumberg JB, Solon FS.: Carotene-rich plant foods ingested with minimal dietary fat enhance the total-body vitamin A pool size in Filipino schoolchildren as assessed by stable-isotope-dilution methodology.; Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1041-9.; PMID: 17413103
  69. Karin H. van het Hof, Christine Gärtner,Anton Wiersma,Lilian B. M. Tijburg, and, and Jan A. Weststrate: Comparison of the Bioavailability of Natural Palm Oil Carotenoids and Synthetic β-Carotene in Humans; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1999 47 (4), 1582-1586 DOI: 10.1021/jf981091a
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  76. La Frano, M. R., de Moura, F. F., Boy, E., Lönnerdal, B. and Burri, B. J. (2014), Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified staple crops. Nutrition Reviews, 72: 289–307. doi: 10.1111/nure.12108
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  92. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 4, Vitamin A.