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Ist die vegane Ernährung eine Mangelernährung?

  1. Peter Clarys, Tom Deliens, Inge Huybrechts, Peter Deriemaeker, Barbara Vanaelst, Willem De Keyzer, Marcel Hebbelinck, Patrick Mullie: Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet; Nutrients. 2014 Mar; 6(3): 1318–1332.; Published online 2014 Mar 24.; doi: 10.3390/nu6031318; PMCID: PMC3967195
  2. Young VR, Pellett PL.: Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition.; Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59(5 Suppl):1203S-1212S.
  3. Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating: Vegetarian Diets; Updated Tuesday, August 05, 2014
  4. Herrmann W, Schorr H, Obeid R, Geisel J.: Vitamin B-12 status, particularly holotranscobalamin II and methylmalonic acid concentrations, and hyperhomocysteinemia in vegetarians.; Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jul;78(1):131-6.
  5. Winston J Craig: Health effects of vegan diets; Am J Clin Nutr May 2009; First published March 11, 2009, doi: 10.3945/?ajcn.2009.26736N; vol. 89 no. 5 1627S-1633S
  6. Nadja B. Kristensen, Mia L. Madsen, Tue H. Hansen, Kristine H. Allin, Camilla Hoppe, Sisse Fagt, Mia S. Lausten, Rikke J. Gøbel, Henrik Vestergaard, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen: Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans; Nutr J. 2015; 14: 115.; Published online 2015 Oct 30. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0103-3; PMCID: PMC4628270
  7. Christel L Larsson and Gunnar K Johansson: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden; Am J Clin Nutr July 2002; vol. 76 no. 1 100-106
  8. Majchrzak D, Singer I, Männer M, Rust P, Genser D, Wagner KH, Elmadfa I.: B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores, vegetarians and vegans.; Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(6):485-91. Epub 2006 Sep 19.
  9. Nadja B. Kristensen, Mia L. Madsen, Tue H. Hansen, Kristine H. Allin, Camilla Hoppe, Sisse Fagt, Mia S. Lausten, Rikke J. Gøbel, Henrik Vestergaard, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen: Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans; Nutr J. 2015; 14: 115.; Published online 2015 Oct 30. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0103-3; PMCID: PMC4628270
  10. EUFIC: Vitamine: was sie bewirken und wo man sie findet; MINI-LEITFADEN 06/2006
  11. Hever J, Cronise RJ. Plant-based nutrition for healthcare professionals: implementing diet as a primary modality in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017 May;14(5):355-368. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.012. PMID: 28630615; PMCID: PMC5466942.
  12. Larsson CL, Johansson GK.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden.; Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):100-6.
  13. Dunn-Emke SR, Weidner G, Pettengill EB, Marlin RO, Chi C, Ornish DM.: Nutrient adequacy of a very low-fat vegan diet.; J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Sep;105(9):1442-6.
  14. Peter Clarys, Tom Deliens, Inge Huybrechts, Peter Deriemaeker, Barbara Vanaelst, Willem De Keyzer, Marcel Hebbelinck, Patrick Mullie: Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet; Nutrients. 2014 Mar; 6(3): 1318–1332.; Published online 2014 Mar 24.; doi: 10.3390/nu6031318; PMCID: PMC3967195
  15. Jakub G. Sobiecki, Paul N. Appleby, Kathryn E. Bradbury, Timothy J. Key: High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Oxford study; Nutr Res. 2016 May;36 (5):464-77.; DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.016
  16. Nadja B. Kristensen, Mia L. Madsen, Tue H. Hansen, Kristine H. Allin, Camilla Hoppe, Sisse Fagt, Mia S. Lausten, Rikke J. Gøbel, Henrik Vestergaard, Torben Hansen, and Oluf Pedersen: Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans; Nutr J. 2015; 14: 115.; Published online 2015 Oct 30. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0103-3; PMCID: PMC4628270
  17. Hercberg S, Preziosi P, Galan P.: Iron deficiency in Europe.; Public Health Nutr. 2001 Apr;4(2B):537-45.
  18. Waldmann A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A.: Dietary iron intake and iron status of German female vegans: results of the German vegan study.; Ann Nutr Metab. 2004;48(2):103-8. Epub 2004 Feb 25.
  19. Gwen Dewar, Ph.D.: Boosting iron absorption
  20. Ella H Haddad, Lee S Berk, James D Kettering, Richard W Hubbard, and Warren R Peters: Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians; Am J Clin Nutr September 1999; vol. 70 no. 3 586s-593s
  21. Jakub G. Sobiecki, Paul N. Appleby, Kathryn E. Bradbury, Timothy J. Key: High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Oxford study; Nutr Res. 2016 May; 36(5): 464–477.; doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.016; PMCID: PMC4844163
  22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26502280
  23. Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M, Bucková K, Klimes I, Seboková E.: Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans.; Ann Nutr Metab. 2003;47(5):183-5.
  24. P Appleby, A Roddam, N Allen, T Key: Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford; European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 1400–1406; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602659; published online 7 February 2007
  25. Janelle KC, Barr SI.: Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women.; J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Feb;95(2):180-6, 189, quiz 187-8.; PMID: 7852684
  26. Nadja B. Kristensen, Mia L. Madsen, Tue H. Hansen, Kristine H. Allin, Camilla Hoppe, Sisse Fagt, Mia S. Lausten, Rikke J. Gøbel, Henrik Vestergaard, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen: Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans; Nutr J. 2015; 14: 115.; Published online 2015 Oct 30.; doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0103-3; PMCID: PMC4628270
  27. P. A. Judd, A. Long, M. Butcher, C. P. Caygill, and A. T. Diplock: Vegetarians and vegans may be most at risk from low selenium intakes.; BMJ. 1997 Jun 21; 314(7097): 1834.; PMCID: PMC2126932
  28. Larsson CL, Johansson GK.: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden.; Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):100-6.
  29. Jakub G. Sobiecki, Paul N. Appleby, Kathryn E. Bradbury, Timothy J. Key: High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Oxford study; Nutr Res. 2016 May; 36(5): 464–477.; doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.016
  30. Davis BC, Kris-Etherton PM.: Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications.; Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;78(3 Suppl):640S-646S.; PMID: 12936959
  31. Rosell MS, Lloyd-Wright Z, Appleby PN, Sanders TA, Allen NE, Key TJ.: Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men.; Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):327-34.; PMID: 16087975
  32. Sarter B, Kelsey KS, Schwartz TA, Harris WS3.: Blood docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in vegans: Associations with age and gender and effects of an algal-derived omega-3 fatty acid supplement.; Clin Nutr. 2015 Apr;34(2):212-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.003. Epub 2014 Mar 14.; PMID: 24679552
  33. Simopoulos AP: The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids.; Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;56(8):365-79.